The Stone Gate of Khoy: A Legacy of Persian Fortifications
The Stone Gate of Khoy stands as the last remaining stone gate from the historical fortifications of Iran. Situated in Khoy, West Azerbaijan Province, this structure once served as both an entryway to the city and a defensive stronghold against foreign invasions, reflecting Iran’s strategic geographical significance in ancient times.
Historians and researchers have debated the origins of this architectural gem. Some attribute its construction to the Ilkhanid era, possibly built by the wife of Abaqa Khan, while others believe it dates back to the Qajar period. Given that the last city fortifications, built by Abbas Mirza, the Crown Prince of Persia, remained intact until 1941, and traces of these walls could still be seen in the old city until recent years, it is likely that the Stone Gate was constructed during the Qajar era.
Known locally as “Qala Qapisi”, the gate is located east of Taleghani Street and south of Khoy’s historic bazaar. It holds immense cultural significance as the only remaining city gate from Iran’s rich history and has been registered as a national heritage site under number 808.
The Sole Survivor of Khoy’s City Walls
Until about 60 years ago, Khoy was enclosed within a massive adobe wall, complete with four main gates, watchtowers, and a protective moat. This defensive system ensured the safety of the city’s inhabitants. Among these gates, only the Stone Gate has withstood the test of time, while the others—known as:
- Shahanagh Gate (Shooneh Qapusi)
- Mahalleh Gate (Qala Qapusi)
- Chors Gate (Maku Gate)
- Shurab Gate (Tabriz Gate)
have all been lost to history.
A 10-meter deep and 30-meter wide moat was once situated in front of the Stone Gate, with a drawbridge that could be lifted during enemy attacks to prevent unauthorized entry. During peaceful times, it served as a primary entry point for traders, travelers, and caravans, ensuring controlled movement into the city. At night, the gate was securely closed, and anyone who failed to enter before sundown had to spend the night outside the city walls.
Originally, the Stone Gate connected Khoy to the cities of Salmas and Urmia. However, with the city’s modern expansion, it has now become integrated into the urban landscape and directly connects to Khoy’s historic bazaar.
Throughout history, the Stone Gate has witnessed numerous invasions, particularly from Armenian and Ottoman forces, who attempted to breach Khoy’s defenses. Despite their efforts, this majestic gateway stood resilient, bearing silent testimony to the city’s past struggles. Even today, bullet marks from past battles can still be seen on its walls.
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Architectural Significance of the Stone Gate
Throughout history, Persian city gates were constructed using either stone or brick. The Stone Gate of Khoy is the only surviving example of its kind, offering a glimpse into Iran’s ancient defensive architecture.
The French historian and writer Count de Gobineau, who traveled through Iran in the 19th century, likened the Stone Gate’s architecture to that of Cairo’s historic structures. He described it in his writings as follows:
“Khoy is a charming city, and its magnificent stone gate, reminiscent of Cairo’s architecture, is built with alternating black and white marble. I have not seen anything like it anywhere else in Iran. This gate leads directly into the bazaar, adding to its unique beauty.”
The Stone Gate was built using two primary materials: brick and stone, forming two distinct sections:
- The Northern Facade (Bazaar Side)
- The northern section of the gate directly connects to Khoy’s old bazaar.
- This part of the gate is made of brick and features a pointed arch (Gonbadi-style), characteristic of Persian-Islamic architecture.
- The Southern Facade (Fortification Side)
- This side of the gate is more ornate and balanced in design.
- It features alternating layers of gray and black stones, meticulously arranged to create a harmonious geometric pattern.
- The archway culminates in a semicircular (crescent-shaped) vault, a common element in Persian defensive architecture.
- On either side of the arch, two standing lion reliefs are carved into the stone, symbolizing power and protection.
The Historical and Cultural Importance of the Stone Gate
The Stone Gate of Khoy is not just an architectural relic; it is a symbol of resilience and history, representing Iran’s past struggles and triumphs. Despite wars, invasions, and urban expansion, it remains the only surviving gateway from an era when fortified cities were essential for protection.
With its strategic location, defensive design, and unique architectural features, the Stone Gate is a valuable piece of Iran’s cultural heritage. Its preservation serves as a reminder of Iran’s rich architectural traditions, standing as a silent sentinel of history, watching over the modern city as it continues to evolve.
